Social accountability mechanisms - especially participatory monitoring and evaluation systems (PME) - can complement the work of traditional control bodies. PME provides a good basis for broader social accountability practices and can induce public agencies to become more accountable. We argue that social accountability practices can be effective primarily in cases in where horizontal accountability mechanisms are in place.The paper explores strengths and weaknesses of a number of PME models applied in the Region - including citizen charters (Argentina and Mexico), citizen report cards (Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, Peru), local-level participatory councils (Brazil and Mexico). Special emphasis is given to political economy issues and institutional design variables. Finally, the paper offers lessons learned, presenting concrete challenges and recommendations to overcome them.

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